However, it is not currently well understood how momentary mindful states in daily life may lead to positive mental health outcomes. It is thought that repeated formalized practice increases one’s natural disposition to be mindful in everyday life by leading to more frequent naturalistic mindful states (Garland et al., 2017a). There are numerous ways to conceptualize mindfulness: trait mindfulness refers to the relatively stable tendency to think and behave mindfully in everyday life, which can be distinguished from naturalistic mindfulness states (e.g., paying attention to eating on a particular occasion) and formalized practice (e.g., focusing on breathing) (Pepping & Duvenage, 2016). Mindfulness is effective in the treatment of various psychological disorders (see Grecucci et al., 2015 McConnell & Froeliger, 2015) and is becoming increasingly prominent in the general population as a way of cultivating a healthy mind (Garland et al., 2017a Holzel et al., 2011). Mindfulness, rooted in traditional Buddhism, is an intentional, non-judgmental awareness of experience in the present moment (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). However, reappraisal showed inconsistent effects, requiring further study and replication using ecological momentary assessment designs. Overall, this study found support for hypothesized MMT processes in daily life and measured over short time periods, with evidence for bidirectional effects for some processes. Follow-up analyses testing alternative temporal ordering suggested bidirectional effects of savoring and positive affect in explaining the mutual association between decentering and wellbeing. Lagged mediation examining prospective effects indicated that the full indirect MMT pathway was not significant in predicting later wellbeing, though some individual indirect pathways were significant prospectively. There was a significant indirect effect through the proposed MMT pathway at the within-person level, with all variables measured concurrently. Multilevel structural equation modeling in Mplus was used to analyze the nested data with mediation models. Three hundred and forty-five community members aged 18–65 completed surveys on smartphones six times per day over 7 days, assessing their current levels of decentering, reappraisal, positive affect, savoring, and wellbeing, as part of a larger study. The current study tested the MMT by measuring these variables repeatedly as they occur naturalistically in daily life. The mindfulness-to-meaning theory (MMT) describes the processes through which mindfulness leads to enhanced eudaimonic wellbeing (indirectly via mediating processes such as increased decentering, reappraisal, positive affect, and savoring), but little is currently known about how these processes impact one another over short time periods (e.g., across several hours).
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